Dostoevsky’s Notes from Undergound - Reactions to an...

Dostoevsky’s Notes from Undergound - Reactions to an Overdeterministic Existence Some of the works cited are missing Dostoevsky presents his Notes from Undergound as the fragmented ramblings of an unnamed narrator. On the surface, the character’s narration appears disjointed and reaches no conclusive end ing until the author intercedes to end the book. However, a close examination of the underground man’s language reveals a progression in his collected ravings. After expressing dissatisfaction with the notion of determinism, the underground man perceives the irony of his ultra-deterministic reality. Through his narrative, the underground man discovers the truth about his predestined, fictional existence. Dostoevsky’s work is†¦show more content†¦The underground man’s rebellion against determinism and its consequences has become one of the most famous moments in modern thought, and with good reason†(196). Morson observes that, although the underground man denounces a deterministic world, he still believes that he lives in one. The underground man’s resentment of determinism produces irony in that the underground man’s true existence as a fictional character epitomizes determinism, as Morson contends. Morson articulates the irony, stating: â€Å"Here Dostoevsky makes shrewd use of metaliterary devices. For all of his struggles to be free, the underground man is doubly determined, not only from within the narrative world but also from without; not only by the iron logic of spite governing his actions but also by the fact that he is the creation of someone who has plotted all his actions in advance. His world is not just deterministic but overdeterministic. What Dostoevsky has done here is to make the very fact that the story is a story, that it has a structure and has already been written, a sign of failed choice and futile self-assertion†(199). The underground man struggles against the idea that his actions have been pre-determined, yet the reader knows that the outcome has already been decided and already exists as words in coming chapters. The character makes no conscious choice in his existence because the author controls his thoughts and actions. Morson uses a story that

Essay Kant vs. Mill Human Rights and Utilitarianism

Introduction One of the main reasons why human rights have been put in place is to protect the public life and public space of every individual being. One fundamental characteristic of human rights is that they are equal rights; they are aimed at providing protection to every person in an equal way. These rights have been entrenched through laws that are passed by states and international conventions. Human rights laws have evolved over time, and have been shaped by several factors, including philosophical theories in the past. This paper looks at the theories of two philosophers, Emmanuel Kant and John Stuart Mills, and how their teachings can be used to explain the sources of human rights. Kant’s moral philosophy is very direct in its†¦show more content†¦Therefore, doing the right thing is not driven by the pursuit of individual desires or interests, but by the need to follow a maxim that is acceptable to all rational individuals. Kant calls this the categorical imperative, and he described it thus, â€Å"act only on that maxim through which you can at the same time will that it should become a universal law.† (Kant, 2008). This basic condition through which the moral principles guiding the relations between human beings is expected of all rational individuals, and determines how they express their moral autonomy and equality. All rational individuals who are morally autonomous willingly comply with the categorical imperative. They then use it to determine the form and scope of the laws which they will institute in order to safeguard these important conditions that form the basis of human rights (Denise, Peterfreund White, 1999). According to Kant, human beings have the capacity to exercise reason, and this is what forms the basis for protecting human dignity. This exercise of reason must meet the standards of universality, in that the laws formulated must be capable of being accepted universally by all equally rational individuals (Doyle, 1983). Various accounts documenting the historical development of human rights overlook Kant’s moral philosophy, but it is very clear that, through the categorical imperative, he provides the ideals of moral autonomy and equalityShow MoreRelatedKant And Mill On Animal Ethics Essay1365 Words   |  6 PagesIn this essay I will begin by explaining the overall views of Immanuel Kant and John Stuart Mill, then compare and contrast the ideas and philosophies of Kant and Mill on Animal Ethics. I believe that Kant, the deontologist, will not care as much about the duty/responsibility between humans and animals as Mill, the utilitarian, who will see the extreme importance of animal ethics. 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Utilitarianism is an ideaRead MoreKant vs. Mill1576 Words   |  7 PagesKant vs Mills in Animal Rights In this essay I will cover the philosophy of Immanuel Kant and John Stuart Mill. I will begin by covering Kant perspective of rational beings and his idea of a priori learning. I will then move on to his idea of categorical imparaitive. After Kant I will discuss Mill’s utilitarian theory regarding pleasure and pain. With a better understanding of those I will move to Mill’s idea of a posteriori and hypothetical imperative. Following the ideas of these philosophersRead MoreJohn Stuart Mill vs. Immanuel Kant2163 Words   |  9 PagesJohn Stuart Mill vs. Immanuel Kant The aim of this paper is to clearly depict how John Stuart Mill’s belief to do good for all is more appropriate for our society than Immanuel Kant’s principle that it is better to do whats morally just. I will explain why Mill’s theory served as a better guide to moral behavior and differentiate between the rights and responsibilities of human beings to themselves and society. Immanuel Kant and John Stuart Mill are philosophers who addressed the issues of moralityRead MoreDr. Ethos, The Chief Resident Of A Hospital1591 Words   |  7 Pagesif he were Utilitarian (Act vs. Rule)? What would Dr. Ethos do, if he were a Deontologist (Kantian)? Utilitarianism John S. Mill describes Utilitarianism, also known as â€Å"The greatest happiness principle†, as a philosophical theory of morality. This theory focuses on the end result, rather than the motive behind it, which makes it a consequential theory. It argues that the morality of the action is solely dependent on the action’s results. The action is morally right as long as it produces the greatestRead More Utilitarianism vs. Kantianism Essay1363 Words   |  6 PagesUtilitarianism vs. Kantianism Ethics can be defined as the conscious reflection on our moral beliefs with the aim of improving, extending or refining those beliefs in some way. (Dodds, Lecture 2) Kantian moral theory and Utilitarianism are two theories that attempt to answer the ethical nature of human beings. This paper will attempt to explain how and why Kantian moral theory and Utilitarianism differ as well as discuss why I believe Kants theory provides a more plausible account of ethicsRead MorePhilosophical Ethics Study Guide Essay1287 Words   |  6 PagesProbability → Considers how likely each effect might be, given that we don’t know ahead of time which of the many possible effects will actually occur. 2. Define what act utilitarianism is (your definition should also include a brief description of what utility means vs. disutility). i. 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Hum 205dq1 Free Essays

What are three relationships between the arts and Early Middle Ages culture you would want your students to know? What are three relationships between the arts and Late Middle Ages culture you would want your students to know? Why did you select those relationships? The three relationships between the arts and Early Middle Ages culture that I want my students to know about would have to be Animal Style, the remaining books of Christian Gospel and lastly the Manuscripts Illumination.The three relationships between the arts and the Last Middle Ages culture that I want my students to know about would have to be the Gothic buildings, this period’s sculpture, and lastly their architecture. The Early Middle Ages The Animal Style merged both the Christian and the Celto-Germanic traditions. We will write a custom essay sample on Hum 205dq1 or any similar topic only for you Order Now The artists of this time used their idea of vision and depth to make symmetrical figures that give rise to distorted images of animals.Remaining books of the Christian Gospel clearly show both in faith that the monasteries taught during this time, and the amount of work that artisans and religious people put into objects of faith, this effort cannot be separated from the importance of faith and religion in their lives. Religion was greatly important to their culture, and the two are inseparable.Lastly, the Manuscript Illumination; the monks put their detailed craftsmanship into revising, copying, and painstakingly illustrating holy books as a labor that showed their devotion to order God, and the church. These books are beautiful because of the attention to detail that the monks paid, and much of our knowledge about this time comes from these books. Late Middle Ages Gothic buildings have remained important throughout time and many still stand. They changed the culture of the civilization of their time and continue to be important today. Sculptures adored the sides of Cathedrals and other buildings, and the attention to detail paid to these shows how dedicated they were about their artwork. Lastly, their architecture work that they did to every single building and painting and etc are more than brilliant. Their architecture shows more than just beauty but also math and so on. How to cite Hum 205dq1, Papers

Court System Paper free essay sample

Moreover, the purpose of a criminal trial is to determine whether the prosecution has established the guilt of the accused as required by law, and the trial judge should not allow the proceedings to be used for any other purpose. The judge holds ultimate authority rulings in the courtroom on matters of the law. Weighing objections from side’s of law, deciding on the admissibility of evidence and disciplining anyone who challenges the order of the court. Judges also sentence offenders after a verdict has been returned in most jurisdictions. However, in some state, judge serves to decide guilt or innocence for defendants who waive a jury trial. Prosecuting attorney is the primary representatives of the people by virtue of the belief that violations of the criminal law are an affront to the public. Federal Prosecutors is called the U. S attorneys and solicitors in five states prosecutors are elected and generally serve four year teams with the possibility of continuing reelection. We will write a custom essay sample on Court System Paper or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Moreover, their widespread criminal conspiracies, whether they involve government officials or private citizen may require the services of the special prosecutor whose officers can spend the time and resources needed for efficient prosecution. No matter the criminal trial is about it is the job of the prosecutor department to seek the truth no matter what the accused innocent or Guilt. Lawyer who may specialize in the practice of criminal law is a trained has Defense counsel. The defense counsel is to represent the accused as soon as possible after arrested and to ensure that the defendant’s civil rights are not violated during processing by the criminal justice system. The Defense Counsel other duties including testing the strength of the prosecution’s case, by taking part in plea negotiations, and preparing an adequate defense to be used at the trial. Criminal lawyers may enlist private detectives, experts, witnesses to the crime, and character witnesses in the preparation for a defense. Law enforcement officer in the courtroom is the bailiff another member of the professional work group is usually armed. The Bailiff ensures order in the courtroom, to announce the judge entry into the courtroom, to call witnesses, and to prevent the escape of the accused. That’s if the accused has not been released by the court on bond. The bailiff also supervises the jury when it is sequestered and controls public and media access to jury member’s bailiff in federal courtrooms are deputy U. S. marshals. ] (Schmalleger, 2009) Many states now employ local court administrators whose job is to facilitate the smooth functioning of the courts in judicial district or area. Local court administrators a major impetus for the hiring come from the 1967 President’s commission law enforcement and administration of justice. The commission found a system that examining the treats those who are charge with serious crimes. National advisory commission on criminal justice standards and goals recommended that all courts with five or more judges created the position of the trial court administrator. Court reporter is to created record of all that occurs during a trial. The courter reporter has to record everything accurate it is very important in criminal court because appeals may be based entirely on what went on in the courtroom. All verbal comments are especially significant made in the courtroom, including testimony, objections, the judge’s ruling, the judge instruction to the jury, arguments made by judge. Trial official record often taken on a stenotype machines or an audio recorder, may later be transcribed in manuscript from and will become the basis for any appellate review of the trial. In trial expert witnesses are recognized as having specialized skills and knowledge in an established professions or technical area. Expert witnesses have to demonstrate their expertise through education, work experience, publications and awards. Expert witnesses testimony at a trial provides and effective way of introducing scientific evidence in such area as medicine, psychology, ballistics, crime scene analysis, photography, and many other disciplines. Expert witnesses, like all the other witnesses they are subject by law to be cross examine by the lawyers. Courtroom is where everything is revealed regarding the crimes that the accused was charge with. Every one of these people from the judge, lawyers, bailiff, court reporters everyone is working to reveal the true the best way with everything that is presented to the court. Evidence is display for the court and the judge can rule on it or against it. Whatever is use in court to get the trial on its way to proof the case or not so sentencing can be handed down on the accused. Overall, in the courts is the longest process of the case from beginning to end. References Schmalleger F. (2009). Criminal Justice Today: An Introductory Text for the 21st Century (10th edition. ). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall.